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What remains unknown is whether the effect of body-related expertise in weighting perceptual information might also be mediated by personality traits, in particular those indexing self-focusing abilities. better at verticality perception, suggesting that proprioceptive and vestibular expertise acquired by such exercise may weaken the influence of irrelevant visual signals. Studies indicate that motor experts in body-related, balance-improving disciplines tend to be field-independent, i.e. Performing RFT requires the integration of proprioceptive, vestibular and visual signals with the latter accounting for field-dependency. People not influenced by the frame tilt are defined as field-independent, while people biased in their rod verticality perception are field-dependent. a rod), embedded in a square, to the subjective vertical, irrespective of the surrounding frame. In the rod and frame test (RFT), participants are asked to set a tilted visual linear marker (i.e. In summary, the findings indicate a sustantial relationship between suggestibility and field dependence with belief in paranormal phenomena which could be explained by different coping mechanisms with regard to uncertainty in the external world. An effect of the different instructions suggesting that paranormal phenomena are scientifically proven (unproven) or an interaction between instructions and cognitive style of the subjects could not be found. Field dependence had a main effect on the amount of belief in “Superstition” across three different instructions. The findings with respect to field dependence as measured with the EFT were replicated in a third study (n=150). The results confirmed the hypothesis that more field-dependent and suggestible subjects have a greater belief in paranormal phenomena than field-independent and non-suggestible subjects, although the relationship only held for the subscale “Superstition”. Field dependence/independence was measured using the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) (Witkin, Oltman, Raskin, & Karp, 1971) and the degree of paranormal belief using the paranormal belief scale of Tobacyk and Milford (1983).
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In a second experiment (n=39), the interrogative suggestibility of the subjects was assessed. It was shown that suggestibility and field dependence had positive and significant correlations with the belief in paranormal phenomena. They also completed a paranormal belief scale and a computer test of field dependence. In Experiment 1, 91 subjects underwent an hypnosis session to determine their suggestibility.
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This paper examines the relationships between field dependence, suggestibility and belief in paranormal phenomena.